IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STXEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Ai 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notes  tachniques  at  bibliographiquas 


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n 

D 
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Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  4t6  filmies. 


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qu'il  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
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sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


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I  ^    Pages  ddcolories,  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

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^ 


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Transparence 


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Qualit^  inigale  de  I'impression 

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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

^^ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  i  la 
g6n6ro8it6  de: 

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sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


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plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmds  en  commen^nt 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  term'nant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplair^ 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  comment  ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  •-^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  6tre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  ktre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmS  &  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrleur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenaiit  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessairo.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


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I 


NATIONAL   LWRARY  | 

C  A 
BlBl.IOTH. 


AN  A  D  A  I 

:q\ji<:  nation  ale     I 


TIONSVWITH  OANABA-ANNEXATION. 


SPEECH 


OW 


HON.  JOHN  SHERMAN. 

OF   OHIO, 


DELIVERED  IX  THE 


SENATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


Tuesday,  vSeptember  18, 188S. 


m    *    ^ 


I 


WASHINGTON. 

1888. 


«     . 


i 


Belalious  with  Canada— Annexation. 


SPEECH 


OF 


IlOiSr.    JOlIl^    SHERMA^X^, 

OP  OHIO, 
In  the  Senate  of  the  United  States, 

Tuesday,  September  18,  1888. 


by  Mr. 


c!.TJl^,?v"i!"*',''"T'""  -","''"■  '^^""^if'-^TRtioii  Uie  resolution  submitted 
SlIEKMAN  bepteml.ei  i7,  l.i8-i,  hh  follows  :  miiiuu 

Jiesolred,  TUhI  the  Conimiltee  on  Foreign  Uelations  bedirected  tn  iiw.ini-,.  i,.(^ 
find  report  at  Uie  next  m-sMon  ..f  roii-rrNstbe  stalei'niie  r   1  .t  i,        r  i  '    i-     V^*J 
State,  with  Cir..Ht  hraain  an  J  ,l,e  l.oan..i!;"of  C  a^'dt  w  .1  '   "l  '  n   as  n'^f 
ureexped.ont  to  pro  aote  fnendly  ..onMnercial  and  political  intiM-  onr.Ve  h  tw'cMi 

il:^.^:^:::':!^^:::,^::^  sute.andto.thut  purpose  u.^o'^l:::'!:^ 

Mr.  S HERMAN  Haiti: 

Mr  Pkk^idkxt:  The  recent  niess-^Te  of  the  President  recommend- 
ing a  line  ol  retaliation  against  tlie  iJomiuionof  Canada  involves  the 
coudidonitiou  o)  our  relations  with  that  country  in  a  lar  more  import- 
ant aiul  comi.reheusive  way  than  Con-ress  has  ever  ])elbre  be-n  called 
upon  to  s^ive.  The  recent  treaty  rejected  l)y  the  Senate  related  to  a 
Bing  e  subject  at  ectiug  alone  our  treaty  rights  ou  her  northeastern 
coast.  The  act  ol  retaliation  ol  1887  was  conlined  to  the  same  sulnect- 
matter.  I  his  message,  however,  treats  of  matters  extending  a.io.ss  the 
continent,  ailectiug  commercial  relations  with  everv  State  and  Territory 
on  our  norti;ern  lioundary.  Under  these  circumstances  I  leel  it  is  m v 
dti  y  to  l>iy.se,u  my  views  of  all  these  cognate  subjects,  and  in  doing  so 
1  leel  bound  to  discard  as  lar  as  ].o.ssible  all  political  controversy  Ibr 
in  dealing  with  lor-ign  relations,  and  especially  those  with  our  nearest 
neighbor,  we  should  think  only  cf  our  country  and  not  of  our  i.artv 

i  he  prolilem  betore  us  would  be  much  easier  to  solve  if  we  could 
treat  alone  with  Canada  as  an  independent  jHiwer,  but  this  in  lorm  is 
impossible,  though  by  the  wise  ami  generous  policy  of  Great  IJritain 
the  government  ol  Canada  has  been  ])ractically  committed  to  the  Cana- 
dian J  arliameut.  Our  negotiations  have  been  and  must  be  with  Great 
l.ritain   though  our  diderencesare  with  Jier  dependencies,  the  Domin- 

Tnt  r'''f'\!'^'^  \^l':  ^'r^'''^  "'■  ^^^^-^'^^^naiLl,  which'particiimted 
in  the  negotiation  ol  tue  late  treaty,  and  their  consent  to  the  treatv  was 
necessary  to  its  ratiiication.  It  can  not  be  .ioul)ted  that  if  the  English 
Government  was  alone  to  be  consulted,  it  would  readily,  in  conformity 
to  Us  ttvmved  pr.iuiides  and  modern  practice,  concede  to  American  tish 
eimm  the  right  to  enter  its  ports  and  harbors  to  purchase  supplies  and 


transship  comninditif-^  i'.iit.  tf)  n-^c  tlip  I:injxna«o  of  the  Presirleut,  the 
C.inailiiiu  jiiitlioriii.  -  auil  (iiliccis  diny  ii'-  iIu'm-  juisih  fics  aiitl  have 
Huhjfoted  ourcitizi'iis  eiina^icd  in  lishiii^  ciitei'id  ..-si-s  in  waters  adjacent 
to  tiieir  noitlieastern  slioiv  to  nnmerous  voxntioiis  mlei  lereiices  and 
annoyancfs.  liavc  sei/ed  and  sidd  tlicir  vcsxls  upon  .slit;ht  pietexta, 
and  liave  ollifiwist;  treated  iheiuma  rude.  har>ii,  and  Dpinixsive  man- 
ner.    He  (in tiler  sass: 

This  coiitluct  liii-*  1i»'eii  !\i>ilifi((l  liy  (Jrcnt  Uriliiiii  ami  t'anaila,  l)y  lilt*  claim 
th  it  the  triMly  ol  l^l.>>  |>eniiilicil  ;|.  and  ii|iiiii  the  nrniiiul  t.iul  il  was  iict'e-.^ary 
to  1  lie  iiiopfr  proti'i'tmn  <.f  <  ainKiiaii  iiilere~t.«.  W  <■  lii-ny  that  I  rciity  a^iire- 
Iiieiit-'  lu-t  ify  tlitsc  iiitrt,  and  wr  I'm  i  her  ma  in  lain  that.  a--idf  li(.ni  any  ticiiiy  re- 
MtraiiilH.  i)("ili>|>uleil  inlei  pjclulion,  llu'  i  ciuliN c  |>nsitj<,n»<ir  the  I'nili'il  Stalenand 
('ana- la  aw  near  m'i;;lilii)Vs,  the  L;i""tli  ti(  inir  ii>int  iiimnui  re,  tlie  (Icvilopmi'nt 
and  |)ri)-|ienty  of  hut  h  ei  unit  lie.-',  which  aniii'alile  ic  hit  ions  mi  rely  .uniiranly,  and 
above  all,  tlie  lihcrality  iihvayM  oxtemted  liy  tht^  I  nit«-<l  Sinte.-*  io  the  people  of 
<nnnihi.  nirni-hcd  nmlives  for  kindiie»8  iiiul  ooiisulenition  hiKtier  and  heller 
tllttii  ireuty  covenant-*. 

Tints  (ar  I  ajiree  with  the  President.  Not  only  was  a  harsh  and  nar- 
row cuiistr.ictiiin  j^ivcn  ti)  tlie  treaty  of  1^1^.  Imt  oiir  lisliiiij.;  vessels 
were  den  i'(i  tlie  lie  iielit  of  tlie  lilieial  and  eiili^liteiied  idetis  and  nieastires 
■idopt-d  in  inter  y<'ars  liy  (•oiiiiiiereiiil  natinif^.  and,  espeeially,  by  the 
I'liiled  M.ites  ;itid  (ireat  Driiiiin,  t.l  tiirowinjj  wicie  open  tlieir ports  and 
hariiors  to  all  vessels  of  friendly  nations  for  the  exchanjje  of  foieifjn 
c  )niiii()dities.  subject  only  to  such  dtities  as  by  the  public  prdicy  of  each 
niticiii  were  deemed  neees.'^ary,  iind  without  di.>eriiuination  of  country 
or  ve.-i.seis  Ol  mode  ot  tiaiiNpnitation. 

Out  policy  lia>iieen  es)ie(ially  liivorablc  to  Canada,  as  the  duty  on  the 
articles  she  ex|ioried  to  t!ie  I'liited States  wereexceiitionally  low.  iler 
Iresli  lish  were  admitted  freeof  duty  into  our  conn'^'y  through  ourports, 
harbors,  and  adjacent  waters.  This  public  policy  was  adojited  not  by 
treaty  only,  but  by  I'riendl}'  laws,  in  liatinoiiy  with  the  neneral  jjood 
will  of  our  peoj>le  toward  a  l^iiidred  race  in  iaii;;ua:ie,  institutiou-i.  and 
origin,  haviiiir  a  c  niiiiion  boitiniiiiy  ol  t.tui:)  miles,  itmi  with  ^vlloul  it 
is  our  desire  and  liojie  to  estal)iisli  more  intimtite  relations,  ;uid,  in  due 
lime,  a  common  union  and  destiny. 

The  Presideiit  ((tmiilains  that  on  the  part  of  Canada  there  was  an  en- 
tire want  of  reeiiii'oeity,  that  — 

While  keenly  si  nsit ive  to  all  that  was  exa'-peratins  in  the  condition,  and  liy 
no  means  indispoyed  to  .Hnpport  the  jus",  complaint-i  of  onr  inpiri'il  lilizens.  [ 
still  Ueeiiied  it  ni.v  <lut.v  for  the  ])reservation  of  important  Ameruan  interests 
which  were  directly  involved,  and  in  view  of  all  tin' details  <il'  the  sitnalion,  to 
atleni|it  liy  ne^f-tiaiion  to  renied.v  existing-  wrongs  and  to  (ieally  terminate,  by 
a  fair  and  .jii.st  treat.v,  these  ever-reciirrin.t;' eaiii-e- of  dillieulty. 

I  do  not  (|U;.'stioii  the  power  of  the  President  to  ne;i:otiale  a  trettty 
subject  to  tlie  advice  and  apjiroval  of  the  Senate,  but  1  dodenytluit 
the  treaty  he  ne^^otiated  would  htive  remedied  existing:  wronj.;s  or  ter- 
minated the  c:iuses  of  dillietilty,  or  was  in  any  sense  a  fair  and  just 
treaty.  The  more  I  have  relleeted  upon  it  the  more  I  tim  convinced 
that  it  was  a  one-sided  tretity,  that  it  would  not  have  lessened  lint 
rather  litive  increased  the  causes  of  iriitation,  and  .'-uch.  I  believe,  is  the 
f>;eneral  sentiment  of  the  people  of  the  I'liited  States,  aMd  especially  of 
those  who  are  nearest  in  interest  and  m  locality  to  the  scene  of  the 
wroufTS  we  complain  of. 

The  exclusion  of  our  lish(>rrnen  by  that  treaty  from  the  extensive  wa- 
ters and  bays  adjacent  to  the  tishini:  urounds,  on  which  they  have  the 
same  rij^htsas  Ciitiadian  lishermen,  ailmitted  to  be  ours  both  by  tretity 
and  international  law.  should  never  have  been  conceded  except  for  con- 
cessions of  commercial  rights  of  etinal  importance.  When  we  look  in 
the  trejity  for  such  concessions  we  find  suih  trivial  provisions  as  that 


le 

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1- 
n 


our  lishiiiK  vessels  need  not  report  to  a  oiistoni-hoawe  when  putting  into 
the  hays  and  IkiiImus  lor  shelter  or  rcjiairiiiu  (laiii;i;;es.  or  lor  pnrchas- 
iii<;  wood  or  ohtaiiiiiiji  water.  IJiit  u\eii  tiiis  euncession  prohibits  our 
vessels  reiiiaiuiii};  more  tiiau  twenty-lour  hour>.  They  were  not  to 
be  liable  lor  e(iiiH)ul.soiy  i)ilotaj;c  anil  are  relieved  from  certain  dues 
which  are  not  inli.ired  a;iaiil^L  any  ('<>niiiu'icial  ves>el.  In  <'ase  ot' 
lieiiiji  driven  iiite  any  bay  or  j)ort  under  stnss  oi'  weather  they  could 
unloail  \\heii  siu  h  iinlitailinji  is  made  nei  <  ssary  as  incidental  to  re- 
pairs, may  replini-^h  provisjciis  or  supplies  daiiumed  or  lost  by  disa^ter. 
in  certain  eases  they  could  jjiinhase  supplies  lor  the  homeward  vity- 
age.  They  were  promised  that  tlie  iienaities  lor  violatinfi  the  customs 
lawssliould  not  exceed  the  value  of  the  ship  and  ii,s  earj^o,  that  tl\u 
]ti<>cecdin.;s  slumld  be  as  inexpensixe  as  jiracticable,  that  reasonable 
bail  shoulit  be  accepted,  and  the  usual  incidents  ot  a  fair  ami  speedy 
trial  are  promised.  These  provisions  are  not  concessions.  All  these 
are  rijihls  which  an  An^lo-.^^axon  i»elieveH  are  inherent  to  man,  as  life, 
liberty,  and  |>toperty,  rights  which  we  have  tieiiKinded  from  Al^^iers 
and  I'ripKli.  which  we  ha\e  exacted  I'rom  (.'liiiia  and  Japan  when  they 
opened  their  dnorsto  I'^uropcan  civili/at  on,  ri-hts  which  (ireal  liritain 
would  not  albiw  to  be  il.  nicd  to  Knglishnieu  by  any  nation  ol  the 
world.  Any  nei^otiatiou  lor  such  riirhts  is  a  reiuoacli  to  the  framersof 
the  treaty,  'ilu;  very  fact  ol'  their  concession  by  Canada  and  accept- 
ance by  11-^  is  iiu  admission  iha'.  they  had  been  denied  by  the  t'anaiiiaii 
authorities,  and  that  we  had  to  buy  these  common  rights  by  extend- 
ing the  local  Jur  .-diction  of  Canada  over  va.-^t  bays  wliere  our  Usher- 
men  had  i>lied  their  vocaliun  for  more  than  one  iumdied  years. 

'Suv  docs  the  lifteenth  article  lielp  the  treaty,  lor  that  is  only  au 
ofl'er  iliat.  if  we  will  repeal  our  duties  on  lish  oil,  whale  oil,  .seal  oil. 
and  lisli  of  all  kinds 'exiept  lish  lUeserNcd  in  oil),  as  well  as  on  the 
usual  and  neccs^.uy  casks,  barrels,  ke;i>.  cans,  and  other  coveriiijis  of 
the  products  named,  \\liether  these  duties  aie  neicssary  lor  levcniieor 
lor  pidtvctioi!,  then,  and  only  in  that  e\enl,  they  will  allow  our  vessels 
to  enter  their  ports  for — 

1.  The  imreliiise  of  provisions,  bnit,  ice,  seines,  lini.-s,  find  all  other  supplies 
anil  (iiitiiis. 

:J   riaii-wliipmeiit  ofeiiteh,  for  transport  liy  any  iiieiins  of  eoiiveyanee. 
3.  Sliii»piiin  «)f  crews. 

r.ut  even  this  article  does  not  allow  our  fi-^bim;  ve.'^sels  to  have  any 
rights  exct'iit  thn.-e  s|)eclaily  sp.ciiied  in  tin- tiiiee  clauses  named.  All 
and  more  of  the  rights  jyroposed  iiy  tliis  article  have  lieen  freely  <iranted 
and  are  enjoyed  by  every  IJritish  and  Canadian  vessel,  of  whatever 
kind,  whenever  its  owner  wishes  to  enter  the*  ports,  harbors,  or  bays  of 
the  I'nited  Stales. 

Why  are  not  similar  commercial  ii;.;hts  conceded  to  our  lisliing  ves- 
sels ?  Why  should  C'anaila  refuse  to  .lilow  Aiueiican  fishing  vessels, 
entJiatied  in  a  lawt'ul  and  ha/ardons  business  on  ailjaceiit  banks,  to  enter 
their  port.s  and  snip  their  catch  over  a  railroad  chieily  of  Amerieau 
ownership  to  the  .\iiieiican  market?  The  denial  of  this  privilef^e, 
which  costs  Can.ida  nothinu,  has  always  seemi'd  to  me  so  inhospitable, 
unclirislian,  and  sellisli  that  1  wonder  that  it  has  not  loiiir  since  led  to 
violence  and  retaliation.  The  only  answer  is  that  tie  lisiiiu';  Itanks 
lie  nearer  to  Canadian  sliores  than  our  own,  and  that  they  have  there- 
fore an  advantajfe  in  sliippin;^  their  catch  that  we  do  not  enjoy;  and 
yet,  strange  to  s.ny,  we  allow  them  to  ship  tiieir  tish  liee  of  duty  into 
our  market  and  thus  take  adwinta^e  ol  their  own  wi..iii;.  Tiie  Presi- 
dent, as  I  will  show,  has  the  power  under  tne  ai't  of  lrf")7,  by  a  simple 


0 


order,  to  fliniiiro  all  tJii-;  l>y  stDiipin;:  for  a  time  the  irn;M)rtation  offish 
anil  otlur  ;<(Mnls  iioiii  pmts  Ironi  wlncli  our  ti-«lnriiitMi  are  excliKlfd, 
and  tliisa  one  would  luall  proWalislity  liavestcur«d  justict-.  !.»,s)»itality, 
and  e(jti.il  coiunu  re  al  |ui\  ilci^es  to  our  iNluTinfii:  tiut  lie  chose  to  ne- 
gotiate. «iiil  tlif  result  wa.H  a  piojeet  or  a  inaty  wtiieli  seeures  none  of 
these  exreiit  u])nn  a  ^'ll^llIllll  r  oi  tlie  ia\!n.;  |H)\v«rol' thf  <ii>vtrniiitnt. 

The  l'ie>iilcnt  eonii)lams  I  hat  the  treatv  iv.is  ri-j>eli-<l  u  itlmut  any 
apjiart  tit  di-position  on  tin-  part  ol  the  Se n  i»e  tnaltt-roranu  nd  it.  Tho 
only  aiiientltncnt  that  wnuld  iiiakt;  theire.ity  t4>l«rahle  wasone  tostipii- 
late  /or  the  entry  ol  our  lishin;^  vessels  into  Canadian  poits  with  the 
HJiine  eoinineii.iai  privilemsihat  are  now  enjoyi-d  liy  the  I'.iiti.-h  and 
Canadian  vessels  in  our  poits,  Imi  it  wass.iiil  in  ihi-'uininittiM-and  con- 
c'uri'eil  in  l>y  all  that  saeli  an  aiiit'ii<liiifht  v\oiii<l  nut  he  aeiepteil  hy 
the  other  emitiactiMi;  parties,  that,  to  adopt  this  aim  Uilnie-nt  would  ho 
to  <letJat  the  treaty  in  an  in  lireet  way  unit  he  u  enneessinu  of  the  de- 
limitation ol  the  liays  luciitionii!.  that  it  wmil'l  he  hetterfor  the  I  iiited 
States,  and  the  Ailniiiii>uatii)ii  as  wfll.  to  iej<et  the  tn-aty  entire,  hav- 
iuii  the  ixeeiitive  aiit  horit  ;e--  to  in  iiniuife  anew,  or  pursue  the  remedy 
provided  hy  law,  as  di  imihiI  hist  loi  i  h<'  oiiMie  inter^-st.  These  eon- 
Hideratiuiis  i  ml  need  nieto  w  itlihold  theainemlment  su^r^t  sted,  for  it  was 
])erfeetly  well  known  that  the  treaty  was  reieeted  hic.iuse  it  extended 
the  ex(liisi\e  wati  rs  of  Canada  wifhoot  «i-eoiin::  nciprocai  advautaj^es, 
and  ait'^ravat 'd  rather  than  lessened  exist'iii:  diiiieultie<. 

The  I're.sideiif  eliarL:"s  th.it  it  was  the  evident  intention  fif  tlie  Sen- 
ate, not  watitiiii;  exi)ressioii.  that  no  nei;otiation  »hoiiid  at  present  he 
foneluded  toiuhinii  tliemaiterat  is.sue;  in  other  words,  that  the  Senate 
wasjioverned  hy  politieal  n\otive.s.  This  is  founded  uiMjnasinyleelau.se 
of  the  report  of  the  committee,  in  which  it  is  siiid: 

Contrri's-*  ciuiii'  to  tho  (■(•iiclii-iim  tli:it  tin-  p'Timl  i>f  ii<-^oliatioti  ami  iMi:ivail- 
in^:  ri'iiKiiiHtiMiii't'  liiel  |>:ih-.i  >l,:iii<l  with  aium^i  al  s^l.ite  unaiiiiiiity  ami  \\  itlioiil 
any  parly  <livisitni  fiimloil  llii'  ai-t  i>(  .Mhii'Ii  :;.  1ns7. 

This  was  the  statement  of  a  fact  alwolutely  true,  and  is  not  in  any 
sense  a  denial  of  the  riiijit  of  the  I'rc.sideiit.  under  theConsiilutioii  and 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  .Senate,  to  mtike  treaties. 
That  Coiijiress  did  expect  him  to  pui>iie  the  cotir<e  marked  out  hy  the 
hiw  which  he  had  approvid  is  uiiiliiiiaWly  true,  hut  it  ise(|U,illy  true 
that  he  mi<j;ht,  Iteloic  roortuiii  to  the  la w.  eontinui- neiiotiatioiis,  and 
the  same  liylit  was  open  to  lum  alter  the  .Seiiatf  had  expressed  its  dis- 
approval of  the  treaty,  and  yet,  in  the  face  of  this,  the  I'residciit  says 
the  Senate  has  declined. 

Tlio  co-opi'r.ili'iM  iici'cssary  f  >r  tin-  adin-tmi'iit  of  Ilii-  loii;^-^tiimliii>r  iialiiuial 
dillVrencos  with  whivh  we  havo  to  ileal,  liy  iiielhoN  »»f  cdilt-reiiee  ami  iinree- 
nieiit. 

^Vha^  were  tlie-je  iHlVerences?  Xoii(>  were  sui.'<:esteil  hy  the  treaty  he 
sent  us  except  those  ;^n'wiiiir  out  of  the  treaty  of  1-1-',  wliieh  related 
alone  to  our  fishery  riiihts.  These  were  not  settled  hy  the  treaty  ex- 
cept hy  new  conees>-iiiiis  and  hy  a  surrender  of  the  taxiuii  ])ower.  Wo 
believe  they  lould  have  Iiei'ii  easily  and  quickly  sctiled  hy  his  exeeiit- 
inj;  the  law  of  March  :!.  l--'7.  He  >ecm<  to  tie  unwilling  to  execute  that 
law,  which  umlouliledly  expressed  thedeliiier.ite  juil<imeiit  of  Cnnifress 
■without  party  di\  isioii,  and  now  that  the  Senate  hius  ikelined  to  ap- 
prove the  treaty,  he  nejilects  the  execution  ol"  the  law,  imputes  to  the 
Senate  a  (led  a  rat  ion  that  it  lia.snot  made.<eeK.stoehaii<;ethe  issue,  sets  out 
other  causes  ol'  CMm|)!aint.  and  invokes  new  and  extraDrilinary  jiowers 
to  punish  Canada  for  levyiiij^  discriminating  dutie.s  iu  the  use  of  her 
canals. 


i 


)n  of  fish 
xchuUnl, 
■iliitality, 
)si'  to  lu'- 
s  iidiie  <tl' 
t  rmniiit. 
hniit  any 
111  it.    Ilifi 
etostipii- 
with  tlie 
■iti>h  and 
(•ami  con- 
icplfd  ity 
won  111  l»o 
[)l'  the  (!«'- 
llic  liiited 
itirr.  liav- 
he  Riindy 
riiese  con- 
1,  lor  it  was 
:  extended 
(Ivaiita^cH, 

of  tlu'  Scn- 
prt'soiit  he 
t  in-  Somite 

iimle  clause 


iiiul  iMiiivnil- 
aiiil  u  itliDiit 


s  not  m  any 
titution  and 
iko  tivatios. 
1  out  Ity  the 
i'(|ually  true 
liations,  and 
fssi'd  its  dis- 
•e.-iidfiU  says 

i.iiiitr  national 

u-i;  lui'i  iim"'-'*-- 

the  treaty  he 
vhich  related 
iie  treaty  ox- 
power.     We 
ly  i)is  fxeciit- 
> fxecvite  that 
it  orCoii.nrcss 
iclinetl  to  ap- 
lupntes  to  tlie 
■  issue. set.s  out 
iinary  powors 
the  use  of  her 


• 


\  purely  executive otViccr.  eliars^ed  with  tho  execution  ot' a  law,  placfs 
his  oi»inion  and  his  will  ahove  the  law,  declines  to  renew  the  ne;;otia- 
tions,  neirlects  tn  carry  ont  the  plan  of  retaliation  provided  hy  law, and 
a;iys  he  will  "  thereiiin'  turn  to  the  contemplation  of  a  plan  of  retalia- 
tion ■'  entirely  ilitVerent  ami  distinct  I'rom  tiie  one  provided  hy  the  law, 
and  asks  C'onjiress  to  jirant  him  tlie  power  of  siispendinji  a  commerce 
stated  hy  him  to  have  amounted  to  .i^'.'7(»,( 'lit ),()()(»  duriiiL;  the  last  six 
years.  It  is  no  wonder  that  this  sndden  change  of  hase  excites  stirpiiso 
in  hdth  countries  and  is  regarded  as  a  mere  political  iiioveiin  nt  to  di- 
vert attention  Irom  the  real  issue,  and.  lor  parly  purposes,  to  hroadeu 
»  local  controversy  into  one  tliat  may  involve  the  peace  of  two  great 
countries. 

This  hrinjM  nie  directly  to  the  consideration  of  the  method  of  retalia- 
tion provided  hyexi>tinii  law  and  that  reeouiiueuded  by  the  President. 
The  act  of  March  '.i,  I'^'^l,  provides: 

That  whenever  the  I*ic«iili-iil  of  the  rnitedStntos  ««hnll  liosnfisflpd  flint  Amer- 
ican tUliiiiK  vcsseN  or  ,\iinri<'aii  ti«h«'rrneii.  vi^ilin-^  or  lnMim  in  llie  waters  or  at 
any  port-*  or  place's  of  the  Ihitisli  iloniinionsof  Nurlli  .»  nieri'H.areor  then  luti'ly 
havt-  hecn  deninl  or  Ht>ri<lK((l  in  the  enjoyment  ol  uny  ritjiitx  seciin  d  to  llntn  hy 
treaty  or  law.  or  are  then  or  lately  have  heen]  nn justly  vexed  or  harassed  in  tlio 
enjoyment  ofsiicl.  riuhtx.or  xiih.ieiteil  to  nnreanonahle  rcMtrietioiis,  reunlations, 
or  reiiuirt'rnents  in  respeet  of  sui  h  ritflilM.it  shall  he  Hit;  thity  of  the  President  of 
tin-  I'niltMl  States,  in  his  ilwcretion,  hy  jiroclanittioti  to  that  ctJect,  to  deny  ves- 
sels, their  in  asters  and  en'ws  of  the  Ilritish  (lorn  in  ions  of  North  Anitriea,  any  en- 
trance into  the  waters,  ports,  or  places  of,  or  witliin  llie  I'niled  Stules.  an<l  also, 
to  diMiy  entry  into  any  poii  or  plaec  of  the  I'niteil  Stites  of  iVrsh  tlsli  or  salt  lisli 
or  any  other  proilnit  of  said  doiuiiiioiia,  or  other  jfoods  coming  from  said  doiiiin- 
ions  to  the  L'nited  Sliitt'9. 

That  all  the  injuries  to  our  countrymen  recited  in  the  .ict  of  Con- 
gress have  heen  committed  is  admitted  and  stronf^ly  stated  ]^y  the 
President  in  his  recent  messajic.  The  jj;iiuiiid  for  retaliation  is  spe- 
cilicallj' pointed  ont  hyhini,  and  the  proper  measure  of  retaliation  was 
clearly  and  distinctly  deiined  hy  Congress  and  is  fully  justilied  hy  the 
facts  stated  in  tin;  niessa<^e. 

Can  there  he  a  douht  that.  If  the  President  had  promptly,  after  the 
passage  of  this  law,  exercised  his  powers,  or  even  now-,  after  the  failure 
of  his  negotiation,  should  exercise  either  of  the  powers  given  to  hiiu 
by  the  law — that  is  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  Canadian  vessels  into 
our  ports  or  to  deny  entry  into  our  ports  of  lish  or  other  goods,  the 
product  of  said  Dominion — he  would  have  secured  t(>  our  countrymen 
the  privileges  referred  to?  And  this  would  have  heen  a  just  and  i)roper 
measure  of  retalitition.  Ffe  wonhl  have  indicted  upon  Canadian  vcs- 
.sels  the  precise  injury  to  the  same  extent  that  has  been  indicted  upon 
American  lishernien. 

lUit,  not  content  with  this,  he  proposes  a  measure  of  retaliation  that 
will  inllict  great  injury  upon  our  own  citizens,  in  no  way  connected 
with  the  lisheiy  dilliculties;  will  arrest  a  vast  commerce  i)eneticial  to 
both  countries,  which  has  heen  conducted  in  peace  and  safety  and 
■without  controversy  for  years,  which  tarnishes  occupation  for  our  rail- 
roads ami  other  modes  of  transjiortatiou,  and  to  a  vast  number  of  our 
people;  which  causes  no  loss  to  our  revenue;  which  will  create  damngo 
and  irritation  along  the  whole  length  of  our  border,  from  the  (iulf  of 
Ht.  Lawrence  to  the  .-^tiMits  of  Fuca.  It  will,  without  furnishing  a 
remedy  to  the  tishermen  ein;iloyed  upon  our  northeastern  tisheries,  in- 
flict an  injury  to  all  engaged  in  cominerco  on  thi;  upper  lakes,  to  sev- 
eral lines  of  railroads  through  \evv  Kngland  States,  will  check  the 
construction  of  railroads  to  and  from  the  friendly  province  of  .Mani- 
toba, probably  lead  to  the  suspeusioa  and  Itreukiny  olf  of  the  expor- 


tition  of  coal  from  nhiu  ami  tlic  Wont  to  Canada,  ami  the  sliipiiientof 
u  Ileal  lioiii  llie  IJcil  l.ivir  (.•ouiitry  to  Miuiuapolis,  ii»  lie  uioiintl  iiilo 
Hour  lor  ie-c\i)ort  or  houiu  luiisuniiiUoti.  In  tttlur  wonlH,  it  \\ill>ti.s- 
peiul  or  c'uiii.H ruri.H  a  coiiiiufri'f  ol  »'XiM)rtft  a"'l  iiiipitrUs  am{if;iatiiig 
uoaily  slo<»,ii()(»,(lti(i  a  yrar.  A  piopo.-itiou  likt-  this,  niadi;  williout 
warning  in  the  iiiiil>t  ol  a  |i<i|>nlar  i-ln  Uoii.  wiili  all  tliu  air  and  ^nr* 
roiMidinns  oT  a  st-nsatinii,  is  tin*  rrsponsc  in  an  cariU'st  di'niand  made 
\>y  till'  li^tlicrrnfii  ^>l  Niw  liimlaiid  lliat  tln^y  siionld  In-  Htriiri'd  in  the 
enjoy  null  1  ofwiiat  tlifv  holieve  to  he  thi-ir  iin(|iit'sti(jiial)le  rijilils. 

On  vviiat  mound  is  tills  recoiunicndatioii  made.'  IT  to  secure  the 
rlKlits  (d'onr  eili/ens  it  is  necessary  '<»  inaUe  tiiesesacrilices,  a  jiatiiolic; 
peojile  will  not  lor  a  nKuiitnt  hesitate;  Imi  ilihis  is  a  mere  expiession 
ol"  resetitincnl  )»ecause  the  Senate  has  imt  approved  the  treaty,  or  i.s  a 
mere  hhilVto  attr.u  I  popular  leeiiiii:  in  aid  of  a  political  canvass,  in  no 
way  necessary  to  secure  lln^  oliject  sou;ilit.  the  Senate  should  proiniitly 
deny  the  jxiwer  asked  loi.  ami  appeal  to  the  solier  judnment  ot  our  peo- 
ple to  sui>pi>it  them  in  resisting  measures  so danjicrous  to  the  peace  and 
prosperity  ol  the  (•oiintiy.  The  hroad  (|Uestiou  is  presented  whether 
it  is  wise  to  eonler  this  power  on  the  I'resideiit  o*'  the  1  iiitcd  States 
under  existing  eireumsiaiict.-;,  and  this  involves  the  consideration  of 
our  coniuiereial  relaiinus  with  Canada,  their  extent  and  iniportauee 
l)oth  to  (  an.ida  and  the  I'liitiMl  States,  and  especially  of  the  articles  in 
thetre.ity  of  '.Va.sliiiijj;toii  of  1^71  and  the  suhsistinjj;  law.sto  carry  them 
into  ellecl. 

Prior  to  the  treatv  of  Washinirton  there  were  many  subjects  of  dis- 
pute between  the  I'liited  Statesaiid  (ireat  IJritain  in  respect  to<  aiiada. 
Th.it  treaty  was  negotiated  with  the  utmost  laie  by  eminent  rci>re.^ent- 
atives  of  tin  at  liriiain  and  the  I'nited  States,  and  was  ratilied  on  the 
17th  of  ,Iune,  1871.  It  was  a  broad,  eoiiiprelien.-»ive,  liberal,  an<i  ju.-st 
treaty,  lit  to  lie  made  by  two  i^reat  friendly  nations,  and  was  desij;ned 
to  and  did  put  all  the  controversies  then  existini.;  upon  a  course  of 
peacelul  settleinenl  honorable  to  both  parlies. 

The  lirst  eleven  articles  relate  alone  to  the  Alabama  cliiiins.  These 
have  been  fully  executed.  I'.e-ides  settling;  thi-.se  claims  there  were 
two  clauses  honorable  to  both  countries  and  of  j^ood  examijle  to  all  na- 
tions. Due  was  the  expression  by  Great  lUitain  in  a  friendly  spirit 
of— 

Kctfi-f't  felt  l>y  Iter  Majesty's  (io\  iriniieiit  fcr  llic  esciipc.  iimler  wlialever  cif- 
cnni-<liou'(s,  of  the  .\liil)niii:i  iiii'l  ollu'i- \  csmcIs  tioiii  IJrilisli  polls  uiiil  tor  tlie 
dei)reiiutiiiiis  1  onuiiilteil  by  lli'^e  ve>i»fls — 

And,  second,  the  three  provisions  in  Article  \'l  delininj^  the  duties 
of  neutral  ^oveinmeiils  to  a  friendly  nation  in  war  with  another. 
These  rules  embrace  the  American  iil<  i  in  lespict  to  neutral  nations, 
and  have  been  substantially  adopted  by  (>ther  maritime  powers. 

The  next  six  articles  provide  for  a  claims  commi.ssion  to  adjudicate 
and  settle  mutual  claims  of  citizens  of  ihe  respective  nations  aj;ainst 
each  other.  This  is  an  elfective  form  of  arbitration,  and  these  articles 
have  been  executed. 

Article  XVJll  •rranted  to  lishermen  of  the  United  States  the  rigbtto 
take  lish  of  every  kind  excejit  shell-llsh  on  the  seacoast  and  shores  and 
in  the  bays  and  harbors  and  cr(.'eks  of  tlit^  mantime  pifivinces  on  the 
northeastern  coast  of  Canada,  without  beiiiii  restricted  to  any  distance 
from  shore,  with  permission  to  land  upon  the  shore  lor  the  purposesof 
drying  their  nets  and  oniiii<i  their  lish.  This  clause  niodities  tlie  lish- 
inji  rijihts  jxranted  by  the  treaty  of  Is'is  I>y  allowinj?  our  dshermeu  to 
fish  within  the  marine  league,  lint  it  L'laiits  them  no  commercial  privi- 


••■-"•^^^-xr^^^tnnnfmit.^-rfmm 


]f^e  uf  t'iilcriii!j  tilt:  port  lot  |iiii\  i^imis  or  .supiilus  ;uiil  tiiiiiss|ii|i|iin;: 
their  lalili  ovi-r  tin-  (..iiiinliiiii  unnl.-  m  llii'  I  mini  Si;iii>.  I  Ins,  liuw- 
t'V«.T.  is  pmviiltd  tur  in  Aitiili'  X>J?\,  to  !»•  Inn  .iltii  <li-<iis-i'il.  I'lu' 
uiiifteciitli  aviiclf  grants  ii'ciitiiM'ai  ti;(liis  to  (  :iiia<lian  li>lM  riiirii  on  ail 
havs.  iiarliois,  and  cicck.s  on  il,c  sc.n'oast  ami  slii'ir-.  ot'  tlii-  I'liiiiMl 
rtlatis  nuiili  ol'tlif  lliiity-niiitli  purailt-l  ot  iiorili  latiiinir.  'I'litxc  and 
tlu-  two  loUowiny  ailick-s  relate  exciusivoly  to  the  lislnny  rinlilM  oi'  the 
re.-peetive  nations 

'I'lie  lour  lollou  in;{  iirtieles  relate  exclusivelv  to  the  Halilax  Coniiuis- 
Hion.  oinani/eil  to  esliniatf  the  (litferenee  iiriwceii  the  r-oneosions  to 
tlie  I'nilnl  Slates  and  to  (inat  Dnlnin  in  re-pe<  t  to  the  tislu-iits.  and 
huve  lieeii  liilly  executed  liy  an  award  that  lias  alwav  lit  en  lonsideied 
iu  the  liiited  Mates  as  exei-ssive  and  iiiiju>t:  but  the  award  was  made 
aud  lias  been  paid. 

Article  XWl  and  several  artichs  lullox',  ini;  deal  with  t  lie  coast  ini; 
and  transit  trade  alonji  the  rners  and  ial^es  whicji  liirni  the  imrdei  l>e- 
tween  the  I'liited  Stan-s  and  ('anada,  a  di-^tincl  suliject  loalter.  Arti- 
cle XXVI  declares  that  tlie  river  M.  .  iwic.ice,  runniiii;  throu'_di  Krit- 
ish  territory,  sliall  lorever  remain  liot  uul  open  t^i  the  sea  lor  the  pur- 
jioses  ol'  ((iiiiinerce  to  the  eiti/ens  of  loth  connfries.  Article  X  X  \' II 
Hecnres  to  the  citi/cns  ol  the  I  i!''<d  States  tlie  ir«"  >!'the  Welhoi  !.  St. 
Lawren<'e.  and  o'hcr  canals  in  iiada  on  ten  ul'  ei|nality  with  the 
inluiliilants  of  tia  I  »oinini<iii.  and  the  rniiid  State-  undertakes  that 
English  sulijeets  shall  eiijny  the  tiso  of  the  St.  Clair  Canal  and  certain 
State  canals  on  t'  rms  of  eijuality  "  ith  the  inhaUit.aiits  o;  the  I'uited 
Hiates,  and  the  iiavi.atiou  oi  I  ike  Maltiiian  was  tu  i.'c  tree  and  open 
for  the  jinrposcs  oi'  commerce  ti  l]ni:iish  snliject'^. 

The  twenty-mnth  article  relatts  to  '.rooiis  in  transit  arrivinu;  at  ports 
of  the  Lnitcd  States  destined  lor  Canada,  and,  recipi"callv  ;hat  jioods 
from  ports  in  the  I  nited  Stativ.  ihroiiiiit  Canada  to  the  I  iiiied  States 
hhonld  he  conveyed  in  transit  withont  the  payment  of  duties.  J  shall 
liave  occabion  tocall  attention  indelail  lothe  jiroxisions  o' this  article. 

Articles  XXX  and  XXXI  jnovidc  .or  thecciastinu  tiaile  in  \esseh 
of  hoth  countries  icci]irocally  on  and  tliroii;;!'  il.etireal  hakes  and  the 
rivt'is  connectinu  t4ic  same,  free  ol  duty.  In  otiur  words,  thecoastinji 
trade  of  the  wateis  on  the  borders  <if  the  twocountrics  was  to  be  open 
to  the  vessels  of  both  nations  on  terms  of  re.iprocity. 

The  last  articles  from  XXXI V  to  XLII  relate  solely  to  the  bound- 
ary between  the  two  countries  <»n  {]]■■  nortiiwoiern  coast.  This  con- 
troversy was  lefeired  to  the  i'.mperor  of  (iern.any,  who  decided  it  in 
fa%or  of  the  Cnited  .states.  Tlie.sc  articles  were  executed  by  his  de- 
cision in  our  favor. 

Thus  it  will  be  perceived  that  this  treaty  embraces  four  dislin(t  sub- 
jects, each  of  whicli  was  of  ;;reat  importauce,  but  not  in  any  way  con- 
uet'led  with  ea<li  other. 

First.  Tiie  settlement  of  the  Alabama  and  other  claims. 

Second.   The  lishery  controver.sies  on  the  northeastern  coast. 

Third.  The  coast  iuj;  and  transit  trade  alonji  the  ( ;  n-iit  Lakes  and  rivers 
which  Ibrmed  a  larjiP  jiarl  of  the  boundary  between  the  two  countries, 
and  transshipment  of  goods  in  bond  to  and  through  either  country  tree 
of  duty. 

Fourth.  The  boundary  line  on  the  racific. 

The  lirst  and  tourtli  of  these,  relating  to  claims  and  the  boundary  ou 
the  Pacilic,  were  settled  in  pursuance  of  the  terms  ol  the  treaty.  The 
fishery  articles  gave  rise  to  irritation  and  were  terminated  by  the  act 
of  March  3,  lS8:i.     The;  articles  relating  to  the  transit  of  goods,  pro- 


10 


vi'liii^  for  a  vast  interior  cnmnieroe  and  (lie  reciinocal  use  of  tlie  rail- 
roads and  i-anals  of  lai-h  roiiniry,  have  hciii  siili>t;iniially  observed  by 
both  countries,  exeept  as  lo  the  transit  of  tlsh  lielon;4ing  to  American 
lisiuMineu  from  t'anadian  purls  to  the  I'nited  States. 

The  bent  lits  eonfei'mi  are  nmliial,  and  if  any  oilier  comiilaints  have 
arisen  they  have  no  conncelion  with.  relati<iii  t:>,  or  siniilitiide  to  the 
tishery  (■ontroversies.  Why,  thi  reiore,  liieiid  this  dispute  about  the 
transsliipment  of  fish  at  local  ports  in  Novjv  Scotia  with  the  vast  in- 
terior eoinnierce  oi'  ii  continent ?  Why  connect  a  controversy  in  the 
waters  about  tlie  month  of  the  St.  Lawrence  with  ilie  coininercial  re- 
lations aion^  a  bound. uy  line  evteiidinji  more  than  l.lMiu  miles?  No 
}jCuod  can  result  from  it  unless  it  is  dcviiablc  to  establish  non-inter- 
course lietwecn  the  two  eoniitries.  and  Inin  the  minds  of  the  two  peo- 
ples Ironi  f^iowiuir  relations  oi  friendship  and  good  will  to  preparatiou.s 
for  controversy  and  wjv. 

When  a  nation  is  compelled  by  a  sense  of  wronu;  tos^eek  a  remedy  by 
retaliation  it  is  bound  to  apply  a  remedy  suitable  to  the  olleu.se.  ami 
not  to  resip't  to  extreme  or  uiuiecessary  mea-iiires.  If  it  does  so  it  be- 
comes a  \vron<;-doer.  The  rule  is  properly  stated  by  the  President  in 
the  Ibllowing  words: 

Thi^ro  is  .slso  an  e-i'U-ut  |)ro|iii"ty  m  woll  as  nii  iiivitntion  to  nioriil  sup- 
port, foinicl  in  vixitinsj  iip"i>  t!in  oU'ciMliii'::  party  Ilic  saiiu"  nn'nsnre  or  kind  of 
treiiliiieiit  of  wliiili  wo  coiiiplaiii.  iiuil  as  lui'  as  pl)^sil)le  wii  iiiii  llio  same  lines. 

And  yet  at  once  he  invokes  a  measure  of  retaliation  far  beyond  the 
rani^t;  aii<l  out  of  all  proportion  to  tne  complaint.  What  we  complain 
of  is  the  denial  of  the  ri<:ht  of  .American  lishing  vessels  to  enter  Cana- 
dian ports  to  ship  tlv'ir  catch  to  the  .\meri<'an  maiket. 

The  remei'.y  ]iro\  ided  by  law  is  clear,  simple,  diiect,  and  sufiicienfc, 
visiting  on  the  olleiiding  jiarty  the  same  measure  or  kind  ot' treatment 
of  which  we  complain,  and  there  we  should  rest.  They  deny  our  ves- 
sels the  right  to  enter  their  ports:  we  deny  their  vessels  the  right  to 
enter  our  ports.  They  deny  our  right  to  transslii]iour  Msh  to  our  mar- 
ket; we  tleny  them  the  riizlit  to  liriiig  their  lish  into  our  market.  We 
base  our  right  to  enter  their  jiorts  and  tr:uisship  our  llsh  upon  precisely 
the  article  of  the  .same  treaty  upon  which  they  send  their  fish  to  our 
market.  If  our  claim  is  uniounded,  then  they  siiould  not  enjoy  the 
privilege  they  deny  to  us. 

We  believe  that  the  riiiiit  to  transfer  fish  in  bond  free  of  duty  through 
either  Cauaiia  or  the  I  nited  States  re.-ts  upon  the  same  law  as  the 
transit  of  all  other  goods.  Fish  can  be  and  are  freely  trausmiited 
from  any  other  jiort  or  jilace  in  the  United  States  to  or  from  Canada, 
precisely  like  other  goods,  wares,  and  meridiandise,  but  it  is  claimecl 
that  tish  caught  ou  the  lishiiig  banks  by  Aniericon  tishing  vcs-^ds  can 
not,  under  the  t(>rms  ot'tlie  ticaly  of  1"^1S,  be  allowed  to  enter  tli<'  Ca- 
nadian ports  in  that  region  esceiit  for  cert;iin  pur[)f)ses,  and  that  this 
trallic  is  not  emluaced  in  the  twentv-ninlli  article  of  the  treaty  of  18T1. 
It  would  appear  upon  the  liice  of  the  latter  treaty  that  there  is  no 
ground  whatever  for  this  distinction.  \\y  the  ]ilain  terms  of  .\rticle 
XXIX,  which  sniiersedcs  ])iior  laws  and  treaties,  the  goods,  wares,  or 
luerchandise  of  American  liti/.cns  arriving  at  any  of  the  p  >rts  ol'  Iter 
Ih'itannic  .Maje-^ty's  puss.'ssioiis  in  North  America  ami  destined  lor  the 
United.  States  may  bo  entered  and  conveyed  in  tiMirsit  thromih  .said 
posses.sions  without  the  paynient  of  duties.  'I'hcre  is  no  restriction  as 
to  tlie  character  of  the  goods,  no  e\(  eiition  made  as  t<(  fi-h.  or  as  to  par- 
ticular ports,  or  tlu!  ehaiacter  of  the  vess  ds.  whetlii'r  lishing  vessels  or 
commercial  vessels,  or  as  to  prior  rights.     No  re-erve  is  made  as  to  the 


11 


ic  rail- 
veil  by 
lericaa 

ts  have 
!  to  tlio 
out  the 
,iist  in- 
ill  the 
[•rial  re- 
■s?  No 
ii-iiit»'i'- 

iiialious 

tiicdy  by 
iuse.  ami 
so  it  be- 
iident  iu 

loral  sup- 
)!■  kiiul  of 
ine  \iiic9. 

yond  the 
"coinpUiiu 
lev  Caiia- 

nflicient, 
treatment 
y  our  ves- 
ri.nht  to 
I  our  uiar- 
■ket.  We 
1  precisely 
ish  to  our 

enjoy  the 

y  thron^ll 
■;iw  as  the 
luifiuwtetl 
ii  Canada, 
is  I'laiuied 
ves-icls  can 
iM-  the  Ca- 
that  this 
tvot'  ISTl. 
here  is  no 
of  Article 
,  waris.  or 
rts  of  Her 
neil  tor  the 
rinmli   said 
-itriition  as 
„■  jis  to  par- 
^  vessels  or 
Te  as  to  the 


treaty  of  ISIS,  and  this  rij^ht  was  enjoyed  by  onr  lishinj^  vessels  until 
1-<!H>.  I'iie  transit  of  lish  stands  on  precisely  the  same  basis  as  the 
transit  of  wheat,  ])i)tatoes,  or  niercliaiKlise, 

If  the  ri^lit  to  traiisshi]>lish  does  not  exist  it  is  liecanse  Article  XXIX 
is  not  in  force.  It  tluieiore  beconies  important  to  determine  whether 
tliis  article  has  been  in  any  way  chaniied,  (jualilied,  or  terminated  by 
the  notice  }iiven  to  terminate  the  articles  ot  the  Washington  treaty  re- 
latinjj;  to  the  lisheries  i)y  tlie  Joint  resolution  approved  March  3,  188;>. 
This  re-olution  declares: 

ThiU  i/i  lilt'  jiiilnniciit  i)f  CoM^rrcx'^  tlie  proviwions  of  articles  niuii bored  XVIII  to 
XW,  iiii  liisivf,  iuiil  111'  Arliiic  X\X  of  tin,'  treaty  hetwrcii  the  Ciiited  States 
mill  llei'  I'.rilaiiiiie  Majesty,  «  «  '  oiikIiI  to  lie  lieteiniiiiateil  at  the  earl ict 
possilile  time,  ami  he  no  longer  in  force;  and  to  this  end  the  I'resident  he,  and 
lie  li(  rel>y  is,  dneeted  to  ;iive  notice  to  the  <  iovernini  iil  of  Mer  Hritannie  .Ma- 
jesty ihal  till'  iin>\  i-ioiis  of  eai'li  anil  ev>TV  of  \\\r  ail  ieles  aforesaid  will  teiini- 
liate  and  he  of  no  force  on  the  exiJirution  of  two  years  next  alter  the  time  of 
giviii};  sneh  notice. 

*  *  ■*  *  *  *  « 

Sec,;!.  That  on  and  after  the  oYpiration  of  the  two  years'  titne  reriuired  by 
said  treaty,  each  and  every  of  saiil  articles  shall  he  deemed  and  held  to  have 
expired  and  In-  of  no  force  .iiid  ell'ect. 

Dtio  iiotice  was  f^iven  by  the  I'resident  of  the  termination  of  thear- 
ticles  named,  and  an  act  of  Coiij;ress  prescribed  tlie  mode  of  carrying 
it  into  efi'ect. 

Tliiis,  by  the  plain  terms  of  the  treaty  and  in  pursuance  of  a  right 
reserved  in  the  treaty,  the  tisliery  ai tides  liave  been  tenniiiatefl,  and 
by  the  eoimnon  consent  of  both  parties  the  lisliuu^  rights  of  the  United 
States  rest  ujion  the  treaty  of  b"^lS;  hut  this  does  not  iUVeet  any  other 
jiortion  ol  tile  treaty.  This  leaves  the  treaty  of  Washington,  so  iar  as 
it  respicts  the  navigation  of  the  St,  '.awieiice  and  tlit-tiieat  Lakes  and 
the  rivers  tli;;t  connect  them,  and  the  .siiipmeut  ol  goods  iu  transit  tinder 
Article  XXIX  in  full  force. 

The  I'resident  admits  the  force  of  this  position,  but  contends  that, 
as  the  result  of  the  teiiiiiiuitioii  id'  tlie  lislnry  articles,  .\iticle  XXIX 
has  also  been  teriniiiate<l.  He,  in  his  recent  message,  for  the  tirst  time 
takes  that  position.     He  says: 

There  need  he  no  hesil.itiou  in  siispendiiiK  these  laws.  ar!-.iiiji  from  the  .sup- 
position thu  tlii'ir  colli  iiiiial  n>ii  ;s  Hcciired  hy  treaty  oliliKations,  for  it  -eenis 
tpiite  p'ain  t  hat  .\  itiele  .W  I  X  ol  the  liealy  of  \^'l.  wh.ch  was  the  only  article  in- 
eorporalinji  siieh  lavvs,  leriumiiled  the  1st  day  of  .Inly,  H,>»3. 

He  stiiiports  this  by  a  narrow  and  technical  construction  of  .\rticle 
XXXIII.  It  is  not  preteiitldl  that  eitlier  country  liasiaken  any  direct 
nieasiue  to  terminate  .\rtick-  XXIX,  iiul.  as  stuted,  it  is  a  mere  con- 
structive repeal,  for  .\rticle  XXIX  is  not  nientiuncd  in  tlie. joint  reso- 
lution of  .Marcli  .'!,  IS-;:},  terminating  the  li-hery  articles.  TJie  Senator 
I'rom  Mississippi  [Mr.  (iKoutu:]  supports  the  I'resident  by  a  subtle  ar- 
gument, iiliuisible  upon  its  face  Imt  not  satislai  loiy. 

It  is  siitUcient  to  say  that  all  tlie  contriicting  parties  to  this  treaty 
have  treated  this  article  as  in  lull  force.  It  is  a  rcciprnc;tl  arrange- 
ment upon  a  distinct  subject-matter,  laiK  liei;il  to  both  parlies,  antl  of 
wliich  no  complaint  has  been  made,  either  as  to  its  fairnes.s  or  its  con- 
tinttaiice.  A  repeal  by  constnictiidt  is  not  favored  iu  law.  Since  the 
terniinatien  of  the  fishery  artichs  the  great  commerce  conducted  un- 
der the  jirovision  id"  Article  XXIX  has  been  continued  and  is  annually 
increasing.  When  apjiealed  to,  Cinat  Uritain  insisted  it  was  inlbice. 
If  violated  at  all  it  has  been  by  the  reltisal  of  Canada  to  allow  the 
transshipment  of  tish  from  Ameiican  vessels  in  the  ports  on  the  north- 
eastern coast,  from  Nova  Scotia  tliroiiuh  the  State  of  Maine  to  Bcston 


12 

an  1  other  iMiints.     lliit  this  urievaiKe  could  be  amply  remedied  under 
the  act  i)i'  M.ircli.  I''-*,  hy  luil)i(hiiii;j;  the  entry  of  tish  Irom  Canada 
into  the  Lnited  S'.ates,  or  by  torliuUling  Canadian  vessels  from  eater- 
injr  the  ports  of  the  United  Stites. 
We  are  told  by  the  ['resident  that — 

In  the  yenv  ix**!)  notice  wiis  receiveil  l)y  ttie  representatives  of  our  Govern- 
ment tli:il  our  lislK-niu-ii  would  no  loiiuer  lie  iilloweil  lo  sliip  llieir  li.tli  in  huiid 
ami  free  of  duly  lliroii-;li  ('iiiniclian  territory  to  this  eouiUry;  iiiul  over  since 
llial  time  >u<h  s-hijiUKiil  1ms  heeii  (leiiied. 

Ifthis  l)e  so  it  is  another  reason  why  the  President  should  have  at 
once  responded  by  a  retnsal  to  allow  lish  to  be  brou<;ht  thronKh  Ca- 
nadian territory  to  onr  conntry  or  the  entry  ol'  Canadian  vessels  into 
our  ports.  This  would  be  a  plain,  direct,  ami  prompt  remedy  which 
the  I'residont,  ihouudi  armed  with  lull  power,  has  reluseel  to  exercise. 
To  make  this  in.jitstice  by  the  Canadian  authorities  the  ground  lor  ar- 
resting the  transit  ol'^coods  between  the  two  countries  along  the  line  of 
the  frontier  nvouUI  be  to  inlliet  a  vastly  greater  injury  on  our  own  peo- 
ple as  well  as  upon  the  Canadians,  to  redress  a  local  grievance  for  which 
he  has  an  ami)le  local  remedy.     It  is  retaliation  against  ourselves. 

It  was  .said  in  debate  that  President  Grant  in  his  message  of  De- 
cember ."),  Is7()^  recommended  the  identical  measure  of  retaliation  now 
recomniemled  by  President  Cleveland.  This  is  easily  answereil  by  the 
very  dillerent  state  of  our  relations  with  Great  Britain  then  and  now. 
All  the  many  causes  of  complaint  subsetiuently  settled  by  the  treaty 
of  Washingion  were  then  pending  and  llagrant.  Put  a  better  answer 
is  that  in  spittu)f  the  many  causes  of  complaint  then  existing.  Congress 
rel'used  to  Genetal  Grant  the  powers  he  asked  lor  and  left  him  to  nego- 
tiate as  a  better  remedy.  >;©  ptirty  then  inoi)Osed  to  comply  with  his 
retiuest.  No  r-ienu)crat  would  then  confer  upon  liim  such  powers. 
Hhali  we  now  wlieu  our  cau-esof  compltiint  are  inlinitely  less  and  have 
been  localized  give  to  President  Cleveland  powers  we  refused  to  Presi- 
dent Grant? 

It  has  been  said  in  debate  that  the  President  has  already  the  power 
he  asks  for,  and  sections  ;jU()5  and  liOUd  of  the  Revised  Statutes  have 
been  quoted  to  sustain  this  view.  I  do  not  concur  in  this,  but  agree 
with  the  Senator  from  Mississippi  [Mr.  CiKoiuiK]  that  no  such  power 
i.s  conferred  by  these  sections.  It  can  not  bt!  Itased  upon  the  power 
granted  by  section  I'.OO.")  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  ju'cseribe 
rules  and  regulations.  This  is  merely  directory  to  provide  a  proper 
mode  for  executing  the  law.  but  the  law  itself  confers  u]ion  the  owners 
of  the  merchandise  the  right  to  curry  their  goods  through  the  United 
Stales  tree  of  duty,  and  that  right  can  not  be  taken  awa}'  by  the  regu- 
lationsof  theSecretary  or  by  his  failure  tomakesnch  regulations.  Nor 
does  the  authority  conferred  upon  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  l)j'  sec- 
tion ;5()0H  to  make  rules,  regulations,  and  conditions,  limit  or  control 
the  authority  to  import  merchandise  in  bond  or  duty  paid,  to  be  trans- 
ported from  one  port  of  tiie  United  Stiites  to  another  over  neighboring 
territory. 

The  regulations  must  be  in  harmony  with  and  not  defeat  the  object 
of  the  law.  Nor  does  it  follow  that  powers  gi\en  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  are  conferred  npon  the  President.  A  multitude  of  ex- 
amples of  this  kind  can  i)e  given  where  the  head  of  a  Department  is 
clothed  with  independent  powerdenied  to  the  President.  Nor  has  the 
President  any  dispensing  j)ower.  He  c  n  not  take  advantage  of  the 
non-fullillment  of  a  treaty  by  a  Ibreign  nation.  Congress  alone  can 
abrogate  a  treaty  if  it  is  violated  by  tiie  other  party.     It  may  abro- 


!«• 


13 


ree 

er 
je 


:e(l 


lol 

LIS- 


X- 

is 
he 
he 
an 

0- 


4 


gate  the  treaty  in  whole  or  in  ]i:iit.  hnt  tlie  i'  esidcnt  ]yA<  no  such 
power,  ir  <ir<'at  I'.ntiiin  lias  violatotl  the  i  .\fnty-niiith  anit)e  ol  tin- 
treaty  of  Wasliinjitun.  >  ,r  lias  lailed  in  any  rcsju-ct  to  iKMl'orni  its  obli- 
gations, as  i  lit'lievc;  it  has  in  reliisiiiv;  tin;  entry  and  tiaiissliijunent  oi 
our  lish,  tlie  C'oULjress  alone  may  ]tr'S(;rilje  jirojier  reuiedies.  tiiiier  hy 
ahroLiation  ol'  a  )).irt  or  tiie  wliok^  ol'  a  treaty  or  l)y  retaliation  in  kind. 
In  this  case  (.'oii^re>s  has  itirnislied  the  remedy,  ample.  eom|)leli'.  and 
sperilie.  It  has  not  UMiU'rtakeii  to  ahro'^au;  Ariii-k-  XXIX.  hnt  all  tne 
jjarties  to  \\\v  Ireaiy  have  trcalrd  it  as  sui»si.stin^,  and.arcord  nji  to  my 
constrnction,  it  is  still  in  lull  I'orce  and  el'lbct,  an  i  ntither  the  inter- 
ests ot'onr  peoi)le  nor  (nihlie  jxiliey  demand  that  it  should  he  suspended 
or  evaded.  l)nt  should  l>o  maintained  ami  enforced. 

L'niortiiiiately  t  I'.f  President  is  committed  iiiu'.^t  this  polii'v:  and 
disappointed  in  the  rejection  olthe  late  treaty  and  dis.-aiisl.ed  withtlic 
attitude  ol'  ills  ailiiiiuistiation  on  a  i|Ut'>tion  iiivolvmii  tlie  li^ihis  ot  a 
lar^ienumberoiourpvjople.  he  now,  in  hisivccninies>ajie.  .seeks  to (■haii;ie 
the  issue,  .sets  up  new  grievances,  asks  lor  new  powers  to  li;4lit  another 
diplomatic  battle  on  another  line.  He  says  in  his  nussajie  of  the  '2\)t\\ 
ol'.\ugust  that  the  j'ominion  ol' Canada  has  not  complied  with  Article 
XX\'1I  ol  the  treaty  ot'\\'asliin<^ton  in  alhiwing  Amencan  vessels  to  use 
the  Welland  (,'anal  on  the  .same  terms  and  touditmns  granted  t<<  Can- 
adian vessels.  This  is  ijuite  a  dill'erent  satijecl-malter  tiiau  Article 
XXIX.     Article  XX\'1I  provides  tiiat — 

AUTICI.K  xxvii. 
Tlie  (iovormnciit  of  Her  Uriliuiiiic  Mii.u-'iy  euu.x-jes  t«>  urnc  ii)«on  ttie  riovern- 
niont  ot  tlie  l>iir,iiiiu)ti  of  (',iiiii<la  to  .•'eeiire  to  I  lie  ei;i/.iii^  of  lin-  liiiieil  Siiiles 
llie  use  ot  llu-  \\  ellaml.  St.  I.f  wi  eiu'e,  ami  otlier  ('.inu'r-  in  tlip  I  •••luiiiion  on 
tcMiiis  of  ei|liaiity  witlitlie  iiilinhuants  of  tlie  J  loiniliKMi :  ami  llie  ( iovt-ri.iiieiit 
of  Hie  fiiil  (I  suites  eiijjraKes  lliat  t he  siilijects  of  Her  ilnlaaiiic  Miijesly  sliiiU 
eiiioy  tlie  iwo  of  tlu' St.  (' uir  F'ai.s  (  anal  on  terms  of  e<;'mliiy  witli  liif  iiiliah- 
itaiils  of  tlie  ti;ite<l  states,  ii  d  fmtlier  eiiy:at;es  to  nige  up  ii  the  .stule  H;<iverii- 
ineiils  lo  seeiiie  to  the  siio^ctls  of  llci'  Urilaiiiiic  .Mieisty  the  iiire  of  the  several 
i^tiile  cniials  (.oniu'cted  with  liie  iiavij^atioii  of  the  lakes  or  rivers  iravirseil  hy 
or  <  Diiti^tnoiis  to  the  hoiinilary  line  lielweeii  the  po.usosions  of  t!io  liitfli  eon- 
traetiiif;  parties  tin  terms  of  einiaiily  witli  the  inhahitam.s  of  the  I'nileii  States. 

Thousih  Great  ]!ritain  only  en:;iiged  to  urge  Canaihi  tosecme  citizens 
of  the  I'nitc'd  Stiites  liie  use  ol'lhe  Welland  ;ind  other  canals  on  terms 
oCefjuality  with  citizens  of  Canada,  yet,  considering  tlicir  relations  to 
each  other,  this  constitutes  a  substantial  oblii:atioii  on  the  part  of  (jreat 
Britain  to  secure  to  citizens  of  the  I.  uited  States  the  u.se  ol  the  canals 
on  the  same  terms  gr.anted  to  citizens  of  Canada.  It  is  now  alleged 
that  such  di.-<criminr.tion  is  made  against  the  I'nited  States,  but  this  is 
denied  by  the  Dominion  Covernntent.  It  aj^pears.  however,  that  as 
early  as  the  2~ilh  of  March,  lx-^7,  l)y  an  order  ol  council,  that  fioveni- 
ment  did  h;vy  a  specitil  redut;ed  rate  of  2  cents  a  ton.  merely  nominal, 
on  wheat,  corn,  pease,  barley,  and  rye,  all  being  food  products,  carried 
through  the  Welland  Canal,  when  shipped  to  Montreal  or  ports  east  of 
that,  while  the  usual  rate  when  shipiied  to  other  ports  is  ;i(l  cents  a 
ton.  This  does  not  discriminate  .igainst  .American  vessels,  lor  they  may 
carry  the.se  articles  to  Montreal;  but  it  does  discriminate  against  Amer- 
ican ports,  and  is  certainly  n  violation  of  the  spirit  of  the  treaty  if  not 
its  letter.  This  discrimination  has  continued  ever  since.  It  ajipears 
also  from  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Navigation  that  similar 
orders  of  council  were  in  o"eration  since  July  4,  ISMo,  during  nearly 
the  whole  period  of  this  Administration. 

A  inenioriimluiii  takiMi  from  the  f'aiiBdian  report  f>f  caiinl  statistios  for  1886 
throws  some  li«hl  upon  the  -tiiliieet  of  tolls: 

"(..  (',.  lilst  .Vpril,  IS--,,,— (1,1  ,1  niciuoriuiihnn  dated  20th  April,  18S6,  from  the 
minister  of  railways  and  oniials,  siiliiuittiiiK  tliat,  by  an  order  in  council  dated 


1 


u 

1th  .Inly.  iHSo,  the  Dointiiioii  I'luiiil  toU.H  on  certiiiii  food  products  sliipped  from 
Moiilnal  or  liny  otliiT  <  aiKnl.iii  pon  i  ,i>i  ul  Almiii  imI  wi-re  iviliu'od,  lor  the  tlien 
ciirii'iil  »fns()ii  of  iiin  ijiiitii  pii  mily.  lo  1.'  <  i'iil>  pi-r  luii. 

'■(».  ('.  14;  .liiiif,  IxH,).  — Nutii'o  i-»  luTcliy  ki\  •'"  I'lat  by  ordi-r  of  his  excoUoncy 
the  Ko\<'i  niii-^iMifnil  in  louiiril.  d.itcil  tlic  lltli  .liiiic,  Is^il.  tiie  oidiT  in  coiiii- 
cil.  iliiti-d  lilst  April  last.  liMMu  al  -  I'l'iils  pfV  ton  llir  Doiiiiiiinti  oaiial  tails  on 
lerliiin  I'ood  i)rodni.tH,  hWuII  apply  to  tlic  Wfllanil  and  HI.  Lawrenoo  I'aiiuls 
only." 

Now,  the  first  iiKjuirv  I  have  to  make  is  if  thi.s  di.'^eriniination  i.s  so 
j:riev(»u>  a.s  tn  ilciuaiul  tlu;  extreme  remedy  of  retaliation,  wliy  was  it 
not  sooner  liroiii;lit  to  onr  attention?  The  lir^t  we  heard  of  such  coin- 
l)hiiiit  were  statements  made  by  a  Senator  on  tliis  lloor  during!;  tliejtres- 
eiit  .se.ssion  and  liy  a  hill  introdtited  in  tlie  House  ot'  i;e|)ieseiitatives. 
If  there  was  just  ^;rotin(l  for  tiiis  comphiint  it  was  the  duty  of  the  I'resi- 
dent  to  inform  l'o!iu;re,s.sof  it,  and  t..eall  upon  Coiijiiess  without  respect 
to  tile  lisliery  coiitrover.sy  for  j)o\ver  to  enalile  him  to  mei't  this  l)ieaeh 
of  the  treaty,  it  is  not  mentioned  l>y  the  Seeretary  of  the  Treasury  iu 
liis  annual  report.  I  need  not  say  it  was  not  mentioned  by  the  J'resi- 
dent  iu  his  annual  me-ssauc  It  is  said  it  was  mentioned  in  the  report 
ot  the  (  oinmissioner  of  Xavi),Mtiou  iu  December  last,  a  doeument  not 
likely  to  attract  attention,  and  in  a  letter  from  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  to  the  Committee  on  Foreij^n  Affairs  of  the  House,  January 
'Si,  H-^x.  Jt  does  not  seem  to  have  been  called  to  the  attention  of  the 
distinguished  iiejiotiators  of  the  late  lisliery  treaty.  It  was  not  even 
called  to  the  attention  of  .Mr.  Uayard,  onr  Secretary  of  State,  until  the 
loth  of  .Inly,  l^'-^s'.  and  tlu'n  in  a  perfunctory  kind  of  a  way.  Heslept 
on  this  i;rievance  irnil  the  'Jlst  ol'  July,  when  he  addresried  a  note  to 
the  liritisli  niinislcr  at  his  summer  retreat;  even  then  did  not  treat  it 
as  a  complaint  agaiiLst  Great  Britain,  but  clo.'ied  his  brief  note  with 
this  re(|iU'st: 

I  will  thank  you  to  bring  this  matter  to  the  attention  of  the  Canftdiiin  Gov- 
ernment. 

No  doubt  iu  due  time  we  will  hear  further  from  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment throu<:h  .Mr.  West  and  Mr.  Bayard. 

And  yet  this  is  the  subject-matter  of  the  iues.sage  of  the  President 
of  Auiiust  "J!*,  IsHS,  which  has  caused  so  much  excitement  in  those 
countries,  and  even  the  facts  which  1  state  were  not  known  to  us  until 
tlie  I'-Jth  of  this  month  of  September — six  days  since — when  they  were 
commnnicated  by  the  nies.sage  of  the  I'lesident  in  resj)oiise  to  a  reso- 
lution of  the  Senate.  And  yet  with  the  messajne  of  the  I'rcsiilent  there 
came  to  the  House  by  some  jirajie-vine  line  the  bill  now  before  us.  It 
was  hurried  throii<j;h  iu  hot  haste  to  heal  the  wounded  lionor  of  our 
country,  which  liad,  according;  to  the  President,  sulfered  almost  un- 
consciously a  <;rievous  wronj^  for  more  than  three  years  ! 

Mr.  President,  I  have  iu  my  time  seen  mauy  panics.  I  have  seen 
the  Senate  ami  the  House  rush  in  hot  haste  through  the  ibrms  of  leji- 
islatiou  under  sudden  excitement  many  Ibolish  measures.  1  have  seen 
luobs  not  so  respectable  commit  violence  and  crimes  against  law  and 
ju.stice.  1  have  read  of  jvauics  in  hattle  when  the  bravest  ol  troops 
Hed  iu  a  fright  from  iiua'.;inary  dangers,  l)ut  I  liave  never  kimwn  one 
so  groundless  as  this.  Tor  us  to  set  tip  these  old  orders  of  council  of 
the  Canadian  Government  now,  here  in  the  midst  of  the  lisliery  coii- 
trover.sy, as  a  ground  lor  retaliation  would  he  a  departure  from  all  the 
usages  of  friendly  intercourse  between  friendly  nations.  It  would  be 
to  seek  a  (juarrel  on  a  new  pret(?xt  to  fortify  an  old  controversy.  It 
would  Ije  neither  mauly,  dignilied,  nor  just.  It  is  an  afterthought. 
1j  not,  why  did  not  the  President  advi.se  us  before  of  the  discrimiua- 


4 


15 


esident 

these 

s  uutil 

ey  were 

a  reso- 

tliere 

us.     It 

(jf  our 

lost  im- 

•e  scou 

ivo  seen 
aw  iuiil 

tlO(>I)S 

wri  one 
iiu:il  of 
•vy  con- 
all  the 
III  hi  be 
sy.  It 
longht. 
rimiua- 


4 


tion  ag;ain.«t  lis  in  the  use  of  tlie  Welland  Caiiiil?  Wliy  did  hf,  in 
June,  JsH7.  coiit'tT  boiidin.ii  piivilcjics  on  tlio  (  anadiaii  i'acili*'  i>aii- 
road  y  \Vhy  (lid  lie  not  luaki'  a  tirni  n'nioii-traiicf  aj^uinst  such  dis- 
criniinations?  Wiiy  did  Ilc  nui  ni\f  notice  that  il Coniioucd,  likedis- 
criniinalioiis  would  be  nuide  on  the  ^t.  Clair  and  ■'^anll  de  Ste.  Marie 
Canals?  Why,  after  «ivin<i  notice  to  the  liritish  nunister.  does  lie  not 
await  an  answer?  Can  it.  be  lliat  he  never  heard  of  this  jfrievance 
until  now,  and  seized  upon  it  to  cover  his  refusal  to  oliey  the  law  lix- 
inji  the  incasiiit^  and  «'xtciit  o<'  retaliation  tor  injuries  done  to  the  lish- 
iuLi  ii,i;lits?  i  can  not  re-^ist  tlie  conclusion  tliat  this  jiiicvance,  neji- 
lected  (iroverlooked  by  the  President,  is  now  liiji<:ed  into  the  lishcy 
controversy  to  divert  attention  from  <he  failure  to  enlorce  the  retalia- 
tion anthoii/ed  by  law. 

Anil  yet,  .Mr.  President,  I  believe  the  discriiiiinatioii  made  is  a  sub- 
stantial and.  as  the  debate  in  the  House  of  l>'e))icsentati\e»  shows,  au 
injurinus  iiiliaetion  by  tlie  Canadian  authorities  dl  the  treaty  of  Wasii- 
in>iton,  and  calls  lor  a  linn  remonstrance  by  the  I'loident  totireat 
IJritain,  and,  if  not  heeiied,  au  act  oi'  Coiij4ies.s  authorizing;  a  toll  oil 
vessels  passing;  through  tlieSt.  Clair  flats  or  Sault  deSic.  MarieCanals 
lo  Canadian  ports,  or  in  the  last  ie>oit  aiithuiizinf^  sjiecilic  retaliation. 
Upon  the.  showing:  now  niadi^  I  will  vote  lor  such  an  at  or  acts  alter  a 
lair  notice  and  inoi)er  h^-arinji.  It  may  lie,  and  has  been  i:ontciuled, 
that  the  joint  resolution  of  .March  3.  I~>i7,  is  broad  enonjih  to  justify 
buvh  retaliation,  but  if  there  is  any  doubt  of  it  full  and  spccilic  authority 
should  lie  coiifenvd  u])on  the  rresidcnt  to  retaliatein  kind  1  can  not 
doulit  that  Canada  will  on  iiroiier  represeutalioii  remove  this  cau.se  ol 
comiilaint.  Jt  is  not  to  beMipiiosed  iliat  any  sucli  (iiscrimiiiation  would 
be  uiadeexce])t  by  inailverteuce,  or  continued  alter  the  attention  of  tlio 
Canadiaii  authorities  had  been  called  to  it. 

M'e  liaveno  right  to  complain  that  Canada  levies  tolls  on  ve.sseLs  pass- 
ing tliroiigli  her  canals,  lliough  we  le\y  none  on  Anieiicau  canals,  for 
that  right  is  expressly  recogni/ed  b>  the  W'ashiiiuiou  tuaty.  All  that 
we  can  ask  is  that  no  higher  or  other  tolls  are  lev  ied  on  Aiiierican  ves- 
sels than  on  Canadian  vcs^eis,  that  no  disi-riminations  are  made  under 
cover  of  dravvliacks  or  bounties  in  favor  of  Canadian  ports  against  Amer- 
ican port.s.  Il  we  object  to  tolls  wcjlioiild  do  wliat  ought  to  have  lieen 
done  forty  years  ago.  and  tor  which  i  voted  thirty  year.-  ago,  build  :■ 
canal  around  liie  falls  of  Niagara  on  .American  soil. 
'  I  conclude,  theretore,  that  it  is  not  wi.sc  at  the  lue^cnt  time  to  give 
to  the  President  the  additional  jiowers  of  retaliation  he  asks  for  as  the 
case  now  stands.  Jt  is  for  Congress,  the  representatives  of  the  »Stiites 
and  the  peojile,  to  judge  of  the  nece-i.sity  and  extent  of  powers  of  re- 
taliation demanded  liy  n.itioiial  honor  to  secure  national  rights,  and 
not  lor  tlie  President.  ]l  tlie  oliject  is  to  secure  ouru.-heiy  rights,  the 
jiow CIS  already  granted  are  full,  complete,  and  ade(ju.ite,  li'  it  is  to 
prevent  diseiiiuinations  against  .Vmerican  vessels  in  Canadian  canals, 
the  Ibundation  has  not  been  laid  by  negotiation,  remonstrance,  and  re- 
fusal to  justify  acts  of  retaliation.  When  that  is  done  it  will  be  time 
enough  to  provide  such  nica^ures.  and  the  jiatiioti'-m  of  Congress  may 
lie  relied  uiioii.  wliatc'ver  ]Mrty  is  in  ]iower,  to  assert  and  maintain  the 
rights  of  our  peojilc. 

That  there  is  no  haste  about  this  matter  is  .shown  from  the  very  cool 
and  placid  manner  in  which  Sir.Iohn  Macdouald  treais  the  whole (,ues- 
tion.  The  Weliand  Canal  will  be  closed  for  the  season  in  sixty  (lays, 
before  we  shall  receive  an  answer  from  the  Canadian  Coverumeulor 


i  u 


I 


from  Mr.  West,  and  thvn  we  s]);il'i  liavcii  l>iii^>(  a<?t,n  iu'irvciiini^.     Sir 
John  Mactlonald  is  reiiDrtcd  in  the  ncwspajifr-  toliavc  said  ytsifiday: 

'I'lu'  polii  V  of  the  (  Mil  HI  I  ill  11  (iDVcrnim-iil  w  ilM>i-  iniiw  ait  <lp  .  udpiiiciit^  'ii  (lie 
Vmtfil  Mali's,  liy  IliM  1  nu'uii  lliat  t  lio  only  qiu'-l  on  tVoin  wliivli  Iniiihlc  oaii 
arise  rclalis  to  tlif  tl-liinu.  'I'lii-  INliiiiy;  >-»'!iS!>!i  li.i»  just  cli-fil,  iumI  it  will  not 
(i|)t'ii  iiy;iiiii  milil  Miiy.  In  otlier  \v<irils.  1 1  will  lio  liiUy  <'i.>iit  nioiillis  b  iorf  tl»e 
United  .Si;ii«-i  will  Imve  any  cliaiue  to  liriii .:  ii|i  I  lu>  >|iie-li<iii  uKam. 

That  was  nof  tlu'  view  the  J  louse  ol'  lit/intseiitatixcs  sei-in  li>  liave 
taken. 

And  now.  Mr.  President,  taking  a  hroader  view  of  thi-  question,  F 
su1)niit  il'  tlie  time  has  not  come  when  tiie  jirojih'  of  llie  linled  ."Urates 
and  t'anada  sli'Mihl  take  a  l)r()ader  view  ot  their  rehitinns  !o  ea<ii  otlier 
than  lias  heretoton;  seemed  (iractieahle.  Our  wlioie  Idstory  siiii'e  the 
conqnest  of  Canada  hy  <<reat  liritain  in  ITiio  has  l)een  a  coniiniious 
•warniiiii  that  we  ean  not  be  at  peaoe  with  eaeh  otlier  exeent  Uy  )>  diti- 
cal  a.s  well  as  eommcreial  nnion.  The  fate  of  (  aiiada  should  have  fol- 
lowed t  lie  lorninef;()l  the  rolonicsin  the  Ameriean  Iv'^voiulioii.  It  won  Id 
have  i>een  better  lor  all.  hjr  tiie  mothi'r  eountryas  well,  ii  ail  lliis  eon- 
tinent  north  of  .Me.Kico  had  iiartieijiated  in  tise  tormaiinn  tiiid  sjiaied 
in  conimoi)  the  ))lessiiiiis  and  ])rosj)eiitv  of  the  .\inerieaii  I'nion. 

So  evidently  onr  fathers  thoiiL^lit.  for  iim  iiiix  the  earliest  military 
movement.s  l>y  the  Continental  Coiiure.ss  was  the  expedition  for  the 
occnjiation  ol  Canada,  and  the  c  iptiire  of  the  I'.iifish  forees  in  Mf>ii- 
treal  and  (^Hiehec.  The  story  ol  the  failure  of  the  ex[»edition.  tiie  Im- 
roistn  of  Arnold  ;ind  Ihirr.  the  death  of  Montixomery,  and  tlie  tearful 
.sullerinys  home  hy  the  Continental  ibiees  in  the  maidi  and  ivtreat 
is  familiar  to  every  .student  of  Ameriean  histoiy.  The  native  ]iopiilu- 
tion  of  Canada  were  then  friendly  to  nitre.tuse,  and  hnudie  Isof  tlieni 
a.s  refuj^ees  followed  our  retiriii!.;  tbrces  and  shared  in  the  snbsri|iii'nt 
dantjers  ami  triumphs  oi'  the  war.  it  was  tlieearnest  desire  of  !■  rank- 
]iu.  Adams,  and  .lay  at  the  treaty  of  ))eaee  to  .secure  the  consent  of 
Great  Jhitain  to  allow  Canada  to  form  a  ])art  of  the  Ini  ted  .States,  and 
at  one  time  it  apjieared  ])ossil)le  but  lor  the  intluoiice  of  Fr.iiiee  and 
Spain,  then  the  aeknowledLied  sovereigns  of  iar:j:e  jiartsuf  the  territory 
now  ineluded  within  the  I'nitcd  .^tati-s.  Tiie  present  .status  of  Canada 
f;rew  out  of  the  atdivitiesand  acquisitions  of  !;iiro]).'an  jiowers  alter  the 
discovery  of  this  continent.  Spain,  l' ranee,  and  I iiiLthindespfcialiy de- 
sired to  acijuire  political  jurisdiction  over  this  newly  discovered  coun- 
try. 

Witliout  ,£;oinji;  into  the  details  so  familiar  to  the  Senate,  it  is  <nfli- 
cient  to  s,iy  that  Spain  held  I'dorida,  France  held  all  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Mexiio  held  Texas  west  to  the  i'acitic.  and  I'.n^ianil  held  Can- 
ada. The  luited  States  lield.  subject  to  the  Indian  title,  only  the 
region  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Atlantic.  The  statesmen  of 
this  Clovernment  etirly  discerned  the  laet  that  it  was  impossiI>le  that 
S])ain,  l'" ranee,  and  Mexico  should  hold  the  territoiy  then  field  by  tliem 
without  Si-rions  detriment  lo  the  interests  and  prosperity  of  the  Cnited 
States,  and  without  the  dan<rer  that  was  always  present  .if  contlicts 
with  the  Euroiiean  powers  maintaininji  fiovernmexitsincontiLruous  ter- 
ritory. It  was  a  wise  ]ioliey  and  a  necessity  to  arf|ui''e  these  \ast  re- 
fjions  and  add  them  to  this  couutrv,  Thev  were  aciiuired  and  are  now 
held. 

Precisely  the  same  considerations  apply  to  Canada,  witli  greater  Ibrce. 
The  commercial  conditions  have  vastly  chan,sj;ed  within  twenly-five 
years.  Kailroads  have  been  built  across  the  continent  in  our  own  conn- 
try  and  iu  Canada.     The  seaboard  is  of  such  a  character  and  its  ^eo- 


w 


% 


# 


17 

graphical  situation  is  such  on  Imth  oceans  that  perfect  freedom  as  to 
transportation  is  alisoluteiy  essential,  not  only  t<j  the  jirosperity  of  the 
two  conutries,  hut  to  the  entire  coinnierce  of  tlie  worhi;  and  as  far  as 
the  interests  of  the  two  people  are  concerned,  they  are  divided  by  a 
mere  iiuai;inary  line.  They  live  next-door  neijjhhors  to  each  other,  and 
there  shouiil  he  a  perfect  freedom  of  intercourse  between  them. 

A  denial  of  that  intercourse,  or  the  withholdini:  of  it  from  them, 
rests  .-imply  and  wholly  upon  the  accident  that  a  Kuropean  power  one 
hundred  years  aj^o  was  able  to  hold  that  territory  auaiust  us:  but  her 
interest  has  practically  i)assed  away  and  Canada  has  Ixconie  an  inde- 
pendent jiovermnent  to  all  intents  and  pnrjioscs,  as  much  so  as  Texas 
was  after  she  sei)arated  herself  Irom  Mexico.  So  that  all  tlie  considor- 
ations  that  entered  into  the  ac(|uisition  of  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  tlie 
Pacific  coast  and  Texas  api)ly  to  Canada,  greatly  stieimlhened  by  the 
fliaiij.'ed  condition  of  commercial  relations  and  matters  ot  transporta- 
tion. These  intensify  not  only  the  propritty.  but  tin-  ;il>solutc  neces- 
sity of  both  a  commercial  and  a  political  union  between  Can  id.i  and 
the  I'nited  States. 

The  immense  extent  of  our  boundary  line  invites,  has  jiroduccil.  and 
will  more  and  more  prodiice,  as  both  couiitri<.'s  j^row,  innumerable 
causes  of  controversy  that  would  not  exist  if  we  were  bound  by  the 
tie  of  a  common  government.  Nearly  all  of  the  troubh-some  i|nes- 
tions  that  have  been  the  subject  of  ne}i;otiat  ions  withdrcat  llritain  have 
related  to  Canada.  One  fruitless  war  led  to  the  iiivjis;on  of  C;iiiada. 
Alore  than  once  we  have  lieen  on  the  verj^e  of  war  with  Great  llritain 
as  to  the  boundary  line  with  Canada.  Our  present  controversies  as  to 
the  lisheries.  canals,  conunercial  and  trade  relations  are  with  Canada. 
The  similarity  of  our  lanj^nage  and  institutions  makes  intercourse  ea.sy 
and  controversies  frequent.  Our  proximity  is  more  daiiiierous  than  if 
we  were  of  ditlerent  races,  speaking  ditlerent  languaiics,  and  separate<l 
by  old  traditions  and  usages.  We  are  essentially  one  jjcople;  but  since 
the  autonomy  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  composed  of  many  prov- 
inces, we  are  two  rival  federal  republics  between  whom  union  is  the 
only  satety,  can  we  not  therefore,  as  the  elder  and  stronirer  republic, 
adopt  a  line  of  public  policy  that  will  i)eacefully  and  lia])iiily  blend 
the  two  in  one  harmonious  whole.  Canada  is  now  stronger,  more  ]n>]>- 
iilous  and  wealthier  than  the  I'nited  Statt\s  was  when  the  Constitu- 
tion was  formed.  In  one  hundred  yearsour  country  has  been  increape<l 
filteen  ftdd  in  popnlation,  11  ve-tbld  in  extent,  and  twenty  fold  in  wealth, 
productions,  and  resources.  We  may  anticijiate  for  Canada  the  same 
proportionate  growth  in  population  and  wealth,  but  neither  can  grow 
iu  extent,  for  the  continent  is  shared  J)etw8en  us. 

Shall  each  country  protect  itself  Irom  the  other  by  lines  of  fortifiai- 
ti'ius,  dotted  by  custom- liouses,  carefully  watched  by  smugglers,  and 
expend  their  resources  for  armies  and  vessels  of  war  ?  Shall  we  dupli- 
cate canals  on  our  border?  at  every  natural  obstacle  to  commerce  he- 
cause  we  can  not  agree  for  their  common  use?  Shall  we,  like  un- 
friendly neighbors,  build  a  mad-lane  between  us,  because  we  (;an  not 
agree  to  .join  our  fences?  One  or  the  other  of  the.se  I  inesof  public  policy 
will  very  .soon  liave  to  he  adopted,  or,  like  the  ancient  Englisii  and 
Scotch,  we  will  he  in  a  state  of  continual  controversy  or  warfare  with 
each  other.  I  prefer  a  kind  and  generous  policy  to  Canada  rather  than 
one  of  retaliation  and  force.  Nor  will  mere  commercial  arrangements, 
in  their  nature  temporary,  like  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  IH.VI  and  of 
1871,  liable  to  he  set  aside  by  the  shifting  exigencies  of  tlie  political 
sn  K  K  .M  A  N 2 


i 


18 


situation,  ropet  or  solve  the  problem  we  litive  before  us.  They  only 
tiud  to  empluusise  our  sepuriition. 

The  way  to  union  with  Canada  is  not  by  hostile  lejjjisiatiou;  not  by 
acts  of  retaliation,  but  l)y  friendly  overtures.  This  union  is  one  of 
the  events  that  nunt  inevilalily  come  in  the  future:  it  will  come  by 
the  \t)<^k-  of  the  situation,  and  no  pvilitician  or  combination  ol  ])oli- 
ticiaiifi  can  prevent  it.  The  true  j^dicy  of  this  Government  is  to  ten- 
der freedom  in  trade  and  intercourse,  and  to  make  this  tender  in  sucli 
a  fraternal  way  t!:at  it  shall  be  an  overture  to  the  Canadian  people  to 
1)ecome  ;>  nart  of  this  IJeiJublic. 

The  admission  of  Canada  into  the  Union  divided  into  states  and  <er- 
ritories  upon  tlie  basis  of  onr  Federal  s^'stem  would  he  of  untold  ad- 
vanta^^e  l(»  both  countries.  Four  or  live  ."states  could  he  admitted,  each 
with  an  already  established  autonomy,  delined  boundaries,  and  a  suf- 
ficient population,  and  the  remainder  divided  into  territories  would 
have  the  benefit  of  local  j;overnmentand  become  the  scene  of  a  migra- 
tion oidy  exceeded  by  that  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 

The  natural  advantay:es  of  the  union  would  be  in  (losing  forever  all 
controversies  inseparable  from  a  long  boinidary  line,  in  giving  the 
broadest  free  trade  in  the  itroductionsola  continent,  in  combining  the 
interests  and  pride  and  achievements  of  a  kindred  poj)ulation  lairly 
represented  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  in  increasing  the 
power  and  induence  of  republican  institutions  among  the  nations  of  the 
world,  and  in  giving  additional  security  against  the  aggression  of  Eu- 
ropean I'owers.  This,  as  I  have  said,  is  no  untrodden  ex])eriment  in 
the  history  of  American  progress.  The  thirteen  old  cfdonies  have  ab- 
.sorbed  under  their  Hag  and  Jnrisdictiou  successive  regions  of  vast  ex- 
tent and  resources,  some  of  which  now  exceed  in  wealth  and  jiojvula- 
tion  many  tiiufs  tliatot theold  thirteen  States  at  tlie  beginningot  this 
century.  Tlie  settlement  of  the  Northwest  Tt-rritory,  the  Lonisiaua 
and  Florida  i)uichase.s,  the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  the  aci|uisitiou 
from  Mexico  are  examples  of  the  adaptation  of  onr  Ibrin  of  novern- 
nieut  for  expansion,  to  absorb  and  unite,  to  enrich  and  bnild  up,  to 
ingraft  in  our  body-politic  adjacent  countries,  and  wliile  strengthen- 
ing the  older  States  confer  prosperity  and  development  to  the  new 
•States  admitted  into  this  brotherhood  of  republican  States. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada  is  so  situated  that  she  would  reap  more  ad- 
vantages from  this  connection  than  any  previous  ac(|uisition.  Our 
great  market  will  be  at  once  open  to  her  vast  undeveloped  natural  re- 
sonrces.  Her  li.sheries  would  find  an  undisputed  and  untaxed  market. 
Her  extensive  forests,  far  greater  than  any  now  known,  will  be  doubled 
in  present  value.  Her  wheat,  l)arley,  and  other  cereals  will  enter  into 
Dur  consumption  or  add  to  the  store  of  food  to  be  conveyed  to  other 
markets  by  modes  of  transportation  always  open,  free  of  «u-tom-hou.se 
othceisor  tolls  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  tide  of  eniigiaticm  that 
has  steadily  pa.ssed  through  her  borders  into  our  more  favoreil  ciimate 
will  turn  northward  to  the  tbrests  of  Columbia,  to  the  vast  plains  of 
Manitoba  and  adjacent  provinces,  to  the  silver,  yold,  co])per,  iron,  and 
nickel  mines  north  of  Lake  Superior  aud  to  the  still  unsettled  agricult- 
ural regions  in  the  older  provinces. 

1  know  of  no  portion  of  the  population  <if  Canada  whose  interests 
would  be  injuriously  affected  by  union  with  the  United  States  except 
tlie  favored  liew  who  enjoy  titles  or  who,  like  their  senators,  hold  offices 
for  life;  but  even  these  will  find  compensation  tor  their  loss,  but  the 
public  gain,  by  a  broader  sphere  of  ambition  aud  inllnence.  For  the 
ni.iss  of  their  people  the  change  would  be  imperceptible,  while  its  l>eue- 


19 


fits  would  1)0  nniU'iiiably  apparent.  They  now,  under  tlie  I'.riti.sh 
North  American  act  oi'  ]h.)7,  lorm  a  vohini.iry  imioii  into  une  lejiisla- 
live  confederation.  Under  our  system  they  would  have  this  and  ^crcatir 
security  (or  perpetual  union,  growth,  wealth,  and  .-itreni^th,  with  all 
their  local  powers,  anttmomy,  and  K<»vernmeiit. 

Nor  is  it  likely  that  the  Ihilish  (ioverninent  would  ohject  'o  the  free 
and  voluntary  action  of  a  dependency  ui)on  which  it  has  already  con- 
ferred Hulwtantially  indei)endent  ]»ower;  for  the  parent  jtoveriiment 
will  lind  in  the  extended  union  an  enlariicd  market  for  its  protluctions 
and  will  he  relieved  from  tlie  enihainissmeiits  under  which  they  now 
lahor  of  j^nardiuf^  and  protectinjj;  interests  of  wiiich  they  have  no  part. 
In  any  event,  the  independent  acti<ni  of  two  ]  eoides,  hound  hy  so  many 
ties  of  kinship,  nei^hhorhood,  and  interest  could  not  loni;  he  denied 
their  UHion  under  a  coininon  government. 

And  the  advantai;e.s  of  this  union  will  he  fully  shared  hy  the  i)eople 
of  the  United  States.  Our  nianufacturinj;  industries,  now  j^reafly  de- 
veloped, will  lind  new  markets  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada;  machinery, 
clothiny.  supplies  will  he  needed  with  new  develoi>ments.  Has  it  not 
always  been  so?  Has  not  the  prosjierity  of  the  older  States  kept  pace 
constantly  with  the  march  of  prosperity  westward  until  the  shores  of 
the  I'acilic  have  been  reached  ?  Every  new  clearinj;  in  the  lorest,  every 
new  openinj^  in  the  prairie,  every  new  ranch  on  tiie  j)lains.  every  new 
mine  in  the  mountains  has  contributed  to  the  einploynieiit  and  wealth 
of  the  East;  and  so  will  it  )>e  when  the  Dominion  of  Canada  is  open 
for  new  explorers  unchecked  by  rival  lines  of  sovereignty  and  jurisdic- 
tion. The  ports  of  the  East  will  be  open  to  their  fisheries,  the  great 
rivers  and  lakes  will  be  unvexed  by  rival  interests  and  regulations,  the 
canals  of  both  countries  will  be  free  to  all,  and  the  common  treasure  of 
a  greater  country  than  now  will  enable  us  to  overcome  natural  obstruc- 
tions to  our  commerce. 

And  may  we  not  hope  that,  with  a  broailer  area,  the  unhappy  section- 
alism of  the  past  between  the  North  and  the  South  may  be  dissipated 
by  new  questions  that  will  arise,  b^'  a  more  intense  patriotism  invoked 
by  the  expansion  of  our  institutions?  it  has  always  been  so  in  the 
past.  The  Nortii  watched  with. jealousy  the  annexation  of  Texas;  the 
South  resisted  to  the  utmost  the  extension  of  free  institutions  over 
California,  and  sought  to  break  up  the  Union  when  the  North  obtained 
temporary  ascendency.  Both  sections  found  their  greatest  good  in  the 
defeat  of  their  cherished  wishes.  Will  not  theSouth  see  in  the  exten- 
sion of  our  domain  the  triumph  of  the  i)riiiciples  their  statesmen  did 
so  much  to  establish  ?  Will  it  not  invoke  in  the  North  a  genuine  sym- 
pathy for  them  in  solving  the  grave  problem  they  have  of  dealing  with 
a  rapidly-growing  race  in  their  midst,  distinct  and  dilVerent  from  their 
own?  Will  it  not  make  easier  the  blending  and  mingling  of  the  dif- 
ferent races  and  tribes  and  typs  of  men  that  form  our  pojinlation? 

I  see  in  the  success  of  this  ])olicy  much  that  is  good  and  nothing  that 
is  harmful  to  any  part  of  our  great  country.  Nor  are  there  any  diffi- 
culties that  should  deter  us  for  a  moment.  The  institutions  of  Canada 
are  substantially  like  our  own.  The  jMipulation  is  in  the  main  of  the 
.same  stock.  Our  proximity  if.  such  that  while  separated  we  may  be 
enemies,  if  united  we  will  be  friends.  Tiie  del)t  of  Canada  is  no  im- 
pediment, for  our  resources  are  such  that  it  can  be  assumed  without 
being  a  1)urden.  It  can  only  be  accomplished  by  the  free  and  hearty 
asseiii  of  both  peoples.  Any  force  used  will  defeat  the  object  we  have 
in  view.  It  can  only  be  approachei'  by  gradual  measures  that  invite 
and  tend  to  good  will  and  intercourse.     It  can  not  be  promoted  l)y  con- 


n 


20 

troverey  or  retaliation.  These  mcasnres  lead  to  others,  and  end  in  war. 
There  are  restless  spirits  in  every  jreneratiou  that  seek  to  rise  by  the 
mist'ortuues  of  their  country.  There  are  narrow  politicians  that  seek 
by  tricks  and  popular  appeals  to  gain  an  advantiitje;  hut  in  the  end 
they  fall  by  their  own  devicai. 

True  statesmanship  consists  in  an  earnesteflbrt  by  hon&st  means  to  pro- 
mote the  public  good.  Nogreatergood  can  beaccompli.'^hed  than  by  a 
VLseand  i>eaceful  policy  to  unite  Canada  and  the  United  States  under  one 
common  government,  but  carefully  preserving  each  to  state  its  local  au- 
thority and  autonomy.  This  controlling  principle  of  blending  local 
and  national  autliority — many  in  one — was  the  discovery  of  our  fathers, 
and  lia.s  guided  the  American  people  thus  far  in  safety  and  honor,  and 
I  believe  can  lie  and  ought  to  be  extended  to  the  people  of  Canada. 
With  a  lirni  conviction  that  this  consummatnon,  most  devoutly  to  bo 
wi>hed,  is  within  the  womb  of  destiny,  and  believing  that  it  is  our  duty 
to  hasten  its  coming,  I  am  not  willing  for  one  to  vote  for  any  measure 
not  demantletl  by  national  honor,  that  will  tend  to  postpone  the  good 
time  coming  when  the  American  flag  will  be  the  signal  and  sign  of  the 
Union  of  all  the  English  speaking  people  of  the  continent  from  the  Kio 
Grande  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

I  ask  that  the  resolution  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Foreign 
Relations. 


I 


